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| Review of the research status of fire resistance technologies for tunnel lining structures |
| Xu Weimin1, Zhang Shaoqi2*, Shen Yi2, Yan Zhiguo2
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1. Jinan City Construction Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, Shandong, China;
2. Department of Geotechnical Engineering College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China |
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Abstract To clarify the damage mechanisms and fire resistance performance of tunnel linings under fire exposure, recent research progress in fire resistance technologies for tunnel linings was systematically reviewed, aiming to provide a reference for fire-resistant design and safety assurance in tunnel engineering. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and engineering case studies, four key aspects were summarized: concrete spalling mechanisms under fire conditions, evolution of high-temperature performance of lining structures, characteristics and limitations of existing fire resistance measures, and future development trends. The analysis indicated that fire-induced concrete spalling was primarily attributed to the coupled effects of vapor pressure, thermal stress, and thermal cracking, while the high-temperature performance of linings exhibited significant thermal and mechanical degradation. In addition, traditional fire resistance measures, including passive fire protection, material modification, and structural reinforcement, were widely adopted but commonly suffered from poor durability, high maintenance costs, and a lack of synergy between fire resistance and load-bearing functions. Furthermore, two emerging technologies were highlighted: microencapsulated self-fire-resistant concrete, which achieved autonomous structural protection under fire conditions through the synergistic action of embedded microcapsules and hybrid fibers, and intelligent early warning and digital twin technology, which endowed linings with sensing and early warning capabilities through artificial intelligence and digital twins. These emerging technologies represented a new trend toward intelligent, self-protective, and integrated fire resistance strategies.
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Published: 12 October 2026
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