Numerical study on spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of inundation process in multi-layer subway stations
JIN Gaohan1, GAO Chenglu1*, ZHOU Zongqing1, TU Hanchen1, WANG Dijun2, ZHANG Zhiliang3, YUAN Quan2, LI Xiaohan2
1. School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, Shandong, China; 2. Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong, China; 3. Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510330, Guangdong, China
Abstract: A three-dimensional numerical model of a multi-story subway station structure was developed,taking the Panyu Square Station on Guangzhou Metro Line 18 as a case study, to simulate the flooding process under extreme conditions. The spatiotemporal evolution of water depth, inter-floor flow rate, and pedestrian walking resistance was analyzed,and the distribution differences under various water ingress conditions were compared. The results showed that the station inundation process could be divided into three distinct stages: channel diffusion, parallel diffusion, and stable ascent. The platform level water level increased in a near-linear manner over time, with its growth rate strongly correlated to the total water ingress rate. In contrast, the station hall water level exhibited a two-stage pattern: initial growth followed by stabilization. The location of water ingress points was found to significantly influence the water level distribution. Higher water levels were observed near the ingress points in the station hall, whereas on the platform level, elevated levels occurred in areas farther from these points. Analysis of inter-floor flow evolution identified a distal surge phenomenon, in which water at the distal end of the platform ingress point rapidly reached the ceiling and flowed back to the station hall. The distribution of the pedestrian walking resistance coefficient indicated that higher resistance occurred both near the water ingress points at the concourse level and near the exits of inter-floor passages at the platform level. The findings of this research provide a scientific reference for monitoring, early warning, and emergency evacuation management during flooding disasters in subway stations under extreme conditions.
靳高汉, 高成路, 周宗青, 涂汉臣, 王迪军, 张志良, 袁泉, 李萧翰. 多层地铁车站水淹过程时空演化特征数值模拟研究[J]. 隧道与地下工程灾害防治, 2025, 7(4): 53-64.
JIN Gaohan, GAO Chenglu, ZHOU Zongqing, TU Hanchen, WANG Dijun, ZHANG Zhiliang, YUAN Quan, LI Xiaohan. Numerical study on spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of inundation process in multi-layer subway stations. Hazard Control in Tunnelling and Underground Engineering, 2025, 7(4): 53-64.
[1] 傅鹤林, 黄震, 王慧, 等. 地铁安全事故分析及安全管理[J]. 隧道与地下工程灾害防治, 2019, 1(2): 59-66. FU Helin, HUANG Zhen, WANG Hui, et al. Accident analysis and management of metro safety[J]. Hazard Control in Tunnelling and Underground Engineering, 2019, 1(2): 59-66. [2] 央广网. 2024年12月全国开通运营城市轨道交通线路325条[EB/OL].(2022-01-21)[2025-09-12]. https://news.cnr.cn/kuaixun/20250114/t20250114_527040972.shtml [3] 国务院灾害调查组. 河南郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害调查报告[R/OL].(2022-01-21)[2025-09-12]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/gk/sgcc/tbzdsgdcbg/202201/P02022-0121639049697767.pdf [4] 黄晓家, 刘书江, 徐之光, 等. 地铁水淹致灾机理分析及水力特性研究进展[J]. 给水排水, 2024, 60(1):143-150. HUANG Xiaojia, LIU Shujiang, XU Zhiguang, et al. The analysis of subway flooding mechanism and progress in the study of hydraulic characteristics of subway flooding[J]. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2024, 60(1): 143-150. [5] LI Y L, XU D Y, WANG J H, et al. Simulation of subway flood evacuation based on modified social force model[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2025, 156: 106244. [6] JU W Y, WU J, CAO H Z, et al. Flood risk assessment of subway stations based on projection pursuit model optimized by whale algorithm: a case study of Changzhou, China[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023, 98: 104068. [7] CEA L, GARRIDO M, PUERTAS J. Experimental validation of two-dimensional depth-averaged models for forecasting rainfall-runoff from precipitation data in urban areas[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 382(1/2/3/4): 88-102. [8] DONG W X, HUANG H, ZHONG M H, et al. Experimental study on the inundation characteristics of flooding in a long straight subway tunnel[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2024, 144: 105566. [9] LAROCQUE L A, ELKHOLY M, HANIF C M, et al. Experiments on urban flooding caused by a levee breach[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2013, 139(9): 960-973. [10] TESTA G, ZUCCALÀ D, ALCRUDO F, et al. Flash flood flow experiment in a simplified urban district[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2007, 45(Suppl.1): 37-44. [11] JIN G H, GAO C L, ZHOU Z Q, et al. Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of inundation in multi-level subway stations and inter-station tunnels: a multi-stage quantitative model[J/OL]. Smart Underground Engineering,(2025-09-03)[2025-09-12]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sue.2025.08.001 [12] 夏英杰, 孟庆坤, 唐春安, 等. 岩石破裂过程分析方法在隧道工程模拟中的应用[J]. 隧道与地下工程灾害防治, 2021, 3(3): 36-49. XIA Yingjie, MENG Qingkun, TANG Chun'an, et al. Applications of realistic failure process analysis in tunnel engineering disaster simulation[J]. Hazard Control in Tunnelling and Underground Engineering, 2021, 3(3): 36-49. [13] 梁立唯, 刘春, 秦岩, 等. 基于MatDEM的盾构滚刀破岩离散元建模与数值模拟[J]. 隧道与地下工程灾害防治, 2019, 1(3): 116-122. LIANG Liwei, LIU Chun, QIN Yan, et al. Discrete element modeling and numerical simulation of rock breaking by hob based on MatDEM[J]. Hazard Control in Tunnelling and Underground Engineering, 2019, 1(3): 116-122. [14] LU J, LIN Z Y, LIN H. Numerical analysis of flood invasion path and mass flow rate in subway stations under heavy rainfall conditions[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(17): 7497. [15] 章亚妮, 林晓飞, 唐刚, 等. 地铁车站水侵过程数值模拟研究[J]. 佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 42(7): 97-100. ZHANG Yani, LIN Xiaofei, TANG Gang, et al. Numerical simulation study on water intrusion process in subway station[J]. Journal of Jiamusi University(Natural Science Edition), 2024, 42(7): 97-100. [16] SHAN S Q, GUO X S, WEI Z Y, et al. Simulation analysis of evacuation processes in a subway station based on multi-disaster coupling scenarios[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023, 96: 103998. [17] ELHAMAMY W, LI R D, NI G H. Three-dimensional(3D)flood simulation aids informed decision making: a case of a two-story underground parking lot in Beijing[J]. Buildings, 2024, 14(11): 3435. [18] LIN Z Y, HU S B, ZHOU T Z, et al. Numerical simulation of flood intrusion process under malfunction of flood retaining facilities in complex subway stations[J]. Buildings, 2022, 12(6): 853. [19] 莫伟丽. 地铁车站水侵过程数值模拟及避灾对策研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2010: 17-18. MO Weili. Numerical simulation on the flooding in subway station and discussion on its flood prevention measures[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2010: 17-18.
2025, Vol. 7 
